a) That biological altruism, as distinct from psychological altruism, does not occur. Reciprocity and Mutualism. (why assume that animals other than humans lack psychology) b) that genes do not generate behaviour at all. Interesting!
Find out how it … In humans, the mind plays a role, and therefore it is called psychological altruism. Altruism is the belief that the well-being of others is equally, if not more, important than the well-being or survival of the self. The role of kinship in human altruism is not discussed because it is well-known that humans share kin-driven altruism with many other animals 14,15. Altruism in Humans takes a hard-science look at the possibility that we humans have the capacity to care for others for their sakes rather than simply for our own. There are essentially two domains that altruism can serve: the self or the group. There are so many documented cases of this phenomenon. This is the subject that I'm very curious about, personally. (genes are 'stuff' designed to replicate cells - only total organizisms 'behave' and behaviour occurs in an environment against a background of experience. I think most of the examples of animal altruism can be said to be kin altruism (and reciprocal altruism sometimes, so either way not "pure" altruism). Reciprocal altruism is a theory that explains humans’ helping behavior towards others with a hope that they would return the help in the future.
David P. Watts, in Basics in Human Evolution, 2015.
Although altruism has long been considered a uniquely human capacity, prior work has shown that many animals choose to help others in situations where there is no cost of doing so. It's also entirely possible that it serves both. If altruism is a motivator, then we can compare them to emotions.While the debate continues over the nature of emotions, it appears that humans may have a lower set of basic emotions like fear, joy and anger that serve the self. Altruism is a vital source of cooperation and maintenance of social order in human societies. Humans are an intensely social species, frequently performing costly behaviors that benefit others. In recent years some evolutionary models of human altruism … But I always wondered why do dolphins help humans? … Altruism is acting to help someone else at some cost to oneself. Reciprocal altruism can explain costly cooperation between nonrelatives. Thus, this study provides the only unambiguous evidence to date for the existence of competitive altruism in humans and shows that partner choice is one way to produce competitive altruism. Efforts to solve the evolutionary puzzle of altruism have a lengthy history, and recent years have seen many important advances across a range of disciplines. The behaviors include (but are not limited to) helping people in pain due to sickness or accidents and sharing knowledge, medicine, money, food, etc. Altruism means something else when looking at humans as opposed to animals.
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